/******************************************************************************
 *
 * Project:  GDAL algorithms
 * Purpose:  Apply vertical shift grid
 * Author:   Even Rouault, even.rouault at spatialys.com
 *
 ******************************************************************************
 * Copyright (c) 2017, Even Rouault <even.rouault at spatialys.com>
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 ****************************************************************************/

#include "cpl_string.h"
#include "gdal.h"
#include "gdal_alg.h"
#include "gdal_alg_priv.h"
#include "gdal_priv.h"
#include "gdal_utils.h"
#include "gdalwarper.h"
#include "vrtdataset.h"
#include "ogr_spatialref.h"

#include "proj.h"

#include <cmath>
#include <limits>

/************************************************************************/
/*                        GDALApplyVSGDataset                           */
/************************************************************************/

class GDALApplyVSGDataset final : public GDALDataset
{
    friend class GDALApplyVSGRasterBand;

    GDALDataset *m_poSrcDataset = nullptr;
    GDALDataset *m_poReprojectedGrid = nullptr;
    bool m_bInverse = false;
    float m_fSrcUnitToMeter = 0.0f;
    float m_fDstUnitToMeter = 0.0f;

    CPL_DISALLOW_COPY_ASSIGN(GDALApplyVSGDataset)

  public:
    GDALApplyVSGDataset(GDALDataset *poSrcDataset,
                        GDALDataset *poReprojectedGrid, GDALDataType eDT,
                        bool bInverse, float fSrcUnitToMeter,
                        float fDstUnitToMeter, int nBlockSize);
    ~GDALApplyVSGDataset() override;

    int CloseDependentDatasets() override;

    CPLErr GetGeoTransform(GDALGeoTransform &gt) const override;
    const OGRSpatialReference *GetSpatialRef() const override;

    bool IsInitOK();
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                       GDALApplyVSGRasterBand                         */
/************************************************************************/

class GDALApplyVSGRasterBand final : public GDALRasterBand
{
    friend class GDALApplyVSGDataset;

    float *m_pafSrcData = nullptr;
    float *m_pafGridData = nullptr;

    CPL_DISALLOW_COPY_ASSIGN(GDALApplyVSGRasterBand)

  public:
    GDALApplyVSGRasterBand(GDALDataType eDT, int nBlockSize);
    ~GDALApplyVSGRasterBand() override;

    virtual CPLErr IReadBlock(int nBlockXOff, int nBlockYOff,
                              void *pData) override;
    double GetNoDataValue(int *pbSuccess) override;
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                        GDALApplyVSGDataset()                         */
/************************************************************************/

GDALApplyVSGDataset::GDALApplyVSGDataset(GDALDataset *poSrcDataset,
                                         GDALDataset *poReprojectedGrid,
                                         GDALDataType eDT, bool bInverse,
                                         float fSrcUnitToMeter,
                                         float fDstUnitToMeter, int nBlockSize)
    : m_poSrcDataset(poSrcDataset), m_poReprojectedGrid(poReprojectedGrid),
      m_bInverse(bInverse), m_fSrcUnitToMeter(fSrcUnitToMeter),
      m_fDstUnitToMeter(fDstUnitToMeter)
{
    m_poSrcDataset->Reference();
    m_poReprojectedGrid->Reference();

    nRasterXSize = poSrcDataset->GetRasterXSize();
    nRasterYSize = poSrcDataset->GetRasterYSize();
    SetBand(1, new GDALApplyVSGRasterBand(eDT, nBlockSize));
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       ~GDALApplyVSGDataset()                         */
/************************************************************************/

GDALApplyVSGDataset::~GDALApplyVSGDataset()
{
    GDALApplyVSGDataset::CloseDependentDatasets();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                     CloseDependentDatasets()                         */
/************************************************************************/

int GDALApplyVSGDataset::CloseDependentDatasets()
{
    bool bRet = false;
    if (m_poSrcDataset != nullptr)
    {
        if (m_poSrcDataset->ReleaseRef())
        {
            bRet = true;
        }
        m_poSrcDataset = nullptr;
    }
    if (m_poReprojectedGrid != nullptr)
    {
        if (m_poReprojectedGrid->ReleaseRef())
        {
            bRet = true;
        }
        m_poReprojectedGrid = nullptr;
    }
    return bRet;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GetGeoTransform()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr GDALApplyVSGDataset::GetGeoTransform(GDALGeoTransform &gt) const
{
    return m_poSrcDataset->GetGeoTransform(gt);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GetSpatialRef()                             */
/************************************************************************/

const OGRSpatialReference *GDALApplyVSGDataset::GetSpatialRef() const
{
    return m_poSrcDataset->GetSpatialRef();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             IsInitOK()                               */
/************************************************************************/

bool GDALApplyVSGDataset::IsInitOK()
{
    GDALApplyVSGRasterBand *poBand =
        cpl::down_cast<GDALApplyVSGRasterBand *>(GetRasterBand(1));
    return poBand->m_pafSrcData != nullptr && poBand->m_pafGridData != nullptr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       GDALApplyVSGRasterBand()                       */
/************************************************************************/

GDALApplyVSGRasterBand::GDALApplyVSGRasterBand(GDALDataType eDT, int nBlockSize)
{
    eDataType = eDT;
    nBlockXSize = nBlockSize;
    nBlockYSize = nBlockSize;
    m_pafSrcData = static_cast<float *>(
        VSI_MALLOC3_VERBOSE(nBlockXSize, nBlockYSize, sizeof(float)));
    m_pafGridData = static_cast<float *>(
        VSI_MALLOC3_VERBOSE(nBlockXSize, nBlockYSize, sizeof(float)));
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      ~GDALApplyVSGRasterBand()                       */
/************************************************************************/

GDALApplyVSGRasterBand::~GDALApplyVSGRasterBand()
{
    VSIFree(m_pafSrcData);
    VSIFree(m_pafGridData);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetNoDataValue()                           */
/************************************************************************/

double GDALApplyVSGRasterBand::GetNoDataValue(int *pbSuccess)
{
    GDALApplyVSGDataset *poGDS = cpl::down_cast<GDALApplyVSGDataset *>(poDS);
    return poGDS->m_poSrcDataset->GetRasterBand(1)->GetNoDataValue(pbSuccess);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              IReadBlock()                            */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr GDALApplyVSGRasterBand::IReadBlock(int nBlockXOff, int nBlockYOff,
                                          void *pData)
{
    GDALApplyVSGDataset *poGDS = cpl::down_cast<GDALApplyVSGDataset *>(poDS);

    const int nXOff = nBlockXOff * nBlockXSize;
    const int nReqXSize = (nXOff > nRasterXSize - nBlockXSize)
                              ? nRasterXSize - nXOff
                              : nBlockXSize;
    const int nYOff = nBlockYOff * nBlockYSize;
    const int nReqYSize = (nYOff > nRasterYSize - nBlockYSize)
                              ? nRasterYSize - nYOff
                              : nBlockYSize;

    CPLErr eErr = poGDS->m_poSrcDataset->GetRasterBand(1)->RasterIO(
        GF_Read, nXOff, nYOff, nReqXSize, nReqYSize, m_pafSrcData, nReqXSize,
        nReqYSize, GDT_Float32, sizeof(float), nBlockXSize * sizeof(float),
        nullptr);
    if (eErr == CE_None)
        eErr = poGDS->m_poReprojectedGrid->GetRasterBand(1)->RasterIO(
            GF_Read, nXOff, nYOff, nReqXSize, nReqYSize, m_pafGridData,
            nReqXSize, nReqYSize, GDT_Float32, sizeof(float),
            nBlockXSize * sizeof(float), nullptr);
    if (eErr == CE_None)
    {
        const int nDTSize = GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eDataType);
        int bHasNoData = FALSE;
        float fNoDataValue = static_cast<float>(GetNoDataValue(&bHasNoData));
        for (int iY = 0; iY < nReqYSize; iY++)
        {
            for (int iX = 0; iX < nReqXSize; iX++)
            {
                const float fSrcVal = m_pafSrcData[iY * nBlockXSize + iX];
                const float fGridVal = m_pafGridData[iY * nBlockXSize + iX];
                if (bHasNoData && fSrcVal == fNoDataValue)
                {
                }
                else if (std::isinf(fGridVal))
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                             "Missing vertical grid value at source (%d,%d)",
                             nXOff + iX, nYOff + iY);
                    return CE_Failure;
                }
                else if (poGDS->m_bInverse)
                {
                    m_pafSrcData[iY * nBlockXSize + iX] =
                        (fSrcVal * poGDS->m_fSrcUnitToMeter - fGridVal) /
                        poGDS->m_fDstUnitToMeter;
                }
                else
                {
                    m_pafSrcData[iY * nBlockXSize + iX] =
                        (fSrcVal * poGDS->m_fSrcUnitToMeter + fGridVal) /
                        poGDS->m_fDstUnitToMeter;
                }
            }
            GDALCopyWords(
                m_pafSrcData + iY * nBlockXSize, GDT_Float32, sizeof(float),
                static_cast<GByte *>(pData) + iY * nBlockXSize * nDTSize,
                eDataType, nDTSize, nReqXSize);
        }
    }

    return eErr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      GDALApplyVerticalShiftGrid()                    */
/************************************************************************/

/** Apply a vertical shift grid to a source (DEM typically) dataset.
 *
 * hGridDataset will typically use WGS84 as horizontal datum (but this is
 * not a requirement) and its values are the values to add to go from geoid
 * elevations to WGS84 ellipsoidal heights.
 *
 * hGridDataset will be on-the-fly reprojected and resampled to the projection
 * and resolution of hSrcDataset, using bilinear resampling by default.
 *
 * Both hSrcDataset and hGridDataset must be single band datasets, and have
 * a valid geotransform and projection.
 *
 * On success, a reference will be taken on hSrcDataset and hGridDataset.
 * Reference counting semantics on the source and grid datasets should be
 * honoured. That is, don't just GDALClose() it, unless it was opened with
 * GDALOpenShared(), but rather use GDALReleaseDataset() if wanting to
 * immediately release the reference(s) and make the returned dataset the
 * owner of them.
 *
 * Valid use cases:
 *
 * \code
 * hSrcDataset = GDALOpen(...)
 * hGridDataset = GDALOpen(...)
 * hDstDataset = GDALApplyVerticalShiftGrid(hSrcDataset, hGridDataset, ...)
 * GDALReleaseDataset(hSrcDataset);
 * GDALReleaseDataset(hGridDataset);
 * if( hDstDataset )
 * {
 *     // Do things with hDstDataset
 *     GDALClose(hDstDataset) // will close hSrcDataset and hGridDataset
 * }
 * \endcode

 *
 * @param hSrcDataset source (DEM) dataset. Must not be NULL.
 * @param hGridDataset vertical grid shift dataset. Must not be NULL.
 * @param bInverse if set to FALSE, hGridDataset values will be added to
 *                 hSrcDataset. If set to TRUE, they will be subtracted.
 * @param dfSrcUnitToMeter the factor to convert values from hSrcDataset to
 *                         meters (1.0 if source values are in meter).
 * @param dfDstUnitToMeter the factor to convert shifted values from meter
 *                          (1.0 if output values must be in meter).
 * @param papszOptions list of options, or NULL. Supported options are:
 * <ul>
 * <li>RESAMPLING=NEAREST/BILINEAR/CUBIC. Defaults to BILINEAR.</li>
 * <li>MAX_ERROR=val. Maximum error measured in input pixels that is allowed in
 * approximating the transformation (0.0 for exact calculations). Defaults
 * to 0.125</li>
 * <li>DATATYPE=Byte/UInt16/Int16/Float32/Float64. Output data type. If not
 * specified will be the same as the one of hSrcDataset.
 * <li>ERROR_ON_MISSING_VERT_SHIFT=YES/NO. Whether a missing/nodata value in
 * hGridDataset should cause I/O requests to fail. Default is NO (in which case
 * 0 will be used)
 * <li>SRC_SRS=srs_def. Override projection on hSrcDataset;
 * </ul>
 *
 * @return a new dataset corresponding to hSrcDataset adjusted with
 * hGridDataset, or NULL. If not NULL, it must be closed with GDALClose().
 *
 * @deprecated GDAL 3.4. Will be removed in GDAL 4.0. This function was used
 *             by gdalwarp initially, but is no longer needed.
 */
GDALDatasetH GDALApplyVerticalShiftGrid(GDALDatasetH hSrcDataset,
                                        GDALDatasetH hGridDataset, int bInverse,
                                        double dfSrcUnitToMeter,
                                        double dfDstUnitToMeter,
                                        const char *const *papszOptions)
{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hSrcDataset, "GDALApplyVerticalShiftGrid", nullptr);
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hGridDataset, "GDALApplyVerticalShiftGrid", nullptr);

    GDALGeoTransform srcGT;
    if (GDALDataset::FromHandle(hSrcDataset)->GetGeoTransform(srcGT) != CE_None)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Source dataset has no geotransform.");
        return nullptr;
    }
    const char *pszSrcProjection = CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "SRC_SRS");
    OGRSpatialReference oSrcSRS;
    if (pszSrcProjection != nullptr && pszSrcProjection[0] != '\0')
    {
        oSrcSRS.SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
        oSrcSRS.SetFromUserInput(pszSrcProjection);
    }
    else
    {
        auto poSRS = GDALDataset::FromHandle(hSrcDataset)->GetSpatialRef();
        if (poSRS)
            oSrcSRS = *poSRS;
    }

    if (oSrcSRS.IsCompound())
    {
        oSrcSRS.StripVertical();
    }

    if (oSrcSRS.IsEmpty())
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Source dataset has no projection.");
        return nullptr;
    }
    if (GDALGetRasterCount(hSrcDataset) != 1)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Only single band source dataset is supported.");
        return nullptr;
    }

    GDALGeoTransform gridGT;
    if (GDALDataset::FromHandle(hGridDataset)->GetGeoTransform(gridGT) !=
        CE_None)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Grid dataset has no geotransform.");
        return nullptr;
    }

    OGRSpatialReferenceH hGridSRS = GDALGetSpatialRef(hGridDataset);
    if (hGridSRS == nullptr)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Grid dataset has no projection.");
        return nullptr;
    }
    if (GDALGetRasterCount(hGridDataset) != 1)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Only single band grid dataset is supported.");
        return nullptr;
    }

    GDALDataType eDT = GDALGetRasterDataType(GDALGetRasterBand(hSrcDataset, 1));
    const char *pszDataType = CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "DATATYPE");
    if (pszDataType)
        eDT = GDALGetDataTypeByName(pszDataType);
    if (eDT == GDT_Unknown)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported, "Invalid DATATYPE=%s",
                 pszDataType);
        return nullptr;
    }

    const int nSrcXSize = GDALGetRasterXSize(hSrcDataset);
    const int nSrcYSize = GDALGetRasterYSize(hSrcDataset);

    double dfWestLongitudeDeg = 0.0;
    double dfSouthLatitudeDeg = 0.0;
    double dfEastLongitudeDeg = 0.0;
    double dfNorthLatitudeDeg = 0.0;
    GDALComputeAreaOfInterest(&oSrcSRS, srcGT.data(), nSrcXSize, nSrcYSize,
                              dfWestLongitudeDeg, dfSouthLatitudeDeg,
                              dfEastLongitudeDeg, dfNorthLatitudeDeg);

    CPLStringList aosOptions;
    if (!(dfWestLongitudeDeg == 0.0 && dfSouthLatitudeDeg == 0.0 &&
          dfEastLongitudeDeg == 0.0 && dfNorthLatitudeDeg == 0.0))
    {
        aosOptions.SetNameValue(
            "AREA_OF_INTEREST",
            CPLSPrintf("%.16g,%.16g,%.16g,%.16g", dfWestLongitudeDeg,
                       dfSouthLatitudeDeg, dfEastLongitudeDeg,
                       dfNorthLatitudeDeg));
    }
    void *hTransform = GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer4(
        hGridSRS, gridGT.data(), OGRSpatialReference::ToHandle(&oSrcSRS),
        srcGT.data(), aosOptions.List());
    if (hTransform == nullptr)
        return nullptr;
    GDALWarpOptions *psWO = GDALCreateWarpOptions();
    psWO->hSrcDS = hGridDataset;
    psWO->eResampleAlg = GRA_Bilinear;
    const char *pszResampling = CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "RESAMPLING");
    if (pszResampling)
    {
        if (EQUAL(pszResampling, "NEAREST"))
            psWO->eResampleAlg = GRA_NearestNeighbour;
        else if (EQUAL(pszResampling, "BILINEAR"))
            psWO->eResampleAlg = GRA_Bilinear;
        else if (EQUAL(pszResampling, "CUBIC"))
            psWO->eResampleAlg = GRA_Cubic;
    }
    psWO->eWorkingDataType = GDT_Float32;
    int bHasNoData = FALSE;
    const double dfSrcNoData = GDALGetRasterNoDataValue(
        GDALGetRasterBand(hGridDataset, 1), &bHasNoData);
    if (bHasNoData)
    {
        psWO->padfSrcNoDataReal =
            static_cast<double *>(CPLMalloc(sizeof(double)));
        psWO->padfSrcNoDataReal[0] = dfSrcNoData;
    }

    psWO->padfDstNoDataReal = static_cast<double *>(CPLMalloc(sizeof(double)));
    const bool bErrorOnMissingShift =
        CPLFetchBool(papszOptions, "ERROR_ON_MISSING_VERT_SHIFT", false);
    psWO->padfDstNoDataReal[0] =
        (bErrorOnMissingShift)
            ? static_cast<double>(-std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity())
            : 0.0;
    psWO->papszWarpOptions =
        CSLSetNameValue(psWO->papszWarpOptions, "INIT_DEST", "NO_DATA");

    psWO->pfnTransformer = GDALGenImgProjTransform;
    psWO->pTransformerArg = hTransform;
    const double dfMaxError =
        CPLAtof(CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "MAX_ERROR", "0.125"));
    if (dfMaxError > 0.0)
    {
        psWO->pTransformerArg = GDALCreateApproxTransformer(
            psWO->pfnTransformer, psWO->pTransformerArg, dfMaxError);
        psWO->pfnTransformer = GDALApproxTransform;
        GDALApproxTransformerOwnsSubtransformer(psWO->pTransformerArg, TRUE);
    }
    psWO->nBandCount = 1;
    psWO->panSrcBands = static_cast<int *>(CPLMalloc(sizeof(int)));
    psWO->panSrcBands[0] = 1;
    psWO->panDstBands = static_cast<int *>(CPLMalloc(sizeof(int)));
    psWO->panDstBands[0] = 1;

    VRTWarpedDataset *poReprojectedGrid =
        new VRTWarpedDataset(nSrcXSize, nSrcYSize);
    // This takes a reference on hGridDataset
    CPLErr eErr = poReprojectedGrid->Initialize(psWO);
    CPLAssert(eErr == CE_None);
    CPL_IGNORE_RET_VAL(eErr);
    GDALDestroyWarpOptions(psWO);
    poReprojectedGrid->SetGeoTransform(srcGT);
    poReprojectedGrid->AddBand(GDT_Float32, nullptr);

    GDALApplyVSGDataset *poOutDS = new GDALApplyVSGDataset(
        GDALDataset::FromHandle(hSrcDataset), poReprojectedGrid, eDT,
        CPL_TO_BOOL(bInverse), static_cast<float>(dfSrcUnitToMeter),
        static_cast<float>(dfDstUnitToMeter),
        // Undocumented option. For testing only
        atoi(CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "BLOCKSIZE", "256")));

    poReprojectedGrid->ReleaseRef();

    if (!poOutDS->IsInitOK())
    {
        delete poOutDS;
        return nullptr;
    }
    poOutDS->SetDescription(GDALGetDescription(hSrcDataset));
    return reinterpret_cast<GDALDatasetH>(poOutDS);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetProj4Filename()                         */
/************************************************************************/

static CPLString GetProj4Filename(const char *pszFilename)
{
    CPLString osFilename;

    /* or fixed path: /name, ./name or ../name */
    if (!CPLIsFilenameRelative(pszFilename) || *pszFilename == '.')
    {
        return pszFilename;
    }

    PJ_GRID_INFO info = proj_grid_info(pszFilename);
    if (info.filename[0])
    {
        osFilename = info.filename;
    }

    return osFilename;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       GDALOpenVerticalShiftGrid()                    */
/************************************************************************/

/** Load proj.4 geoidgrids as GDAL dataset
 *
 * @param pszProj4Geoidgrids Value of proj.4 geoidgrids parameter.
 * @param pbError If not NULL, the pointed value will be set to TRUE if an
 *                error occurred.
 *
 * @return a dataset. If not NULL, it must be closed with GDALClose().
 *
 * @deprecated GDAL 3.4. Will be removed in GDAL 4.0. This function was used
 *             by gdalwarp initially, but is no longer needed.
 */
GDALDatasetH GDALOpenVerticalShiftGrid(const char *pszProj4Geoidgrids,
                                       int *pbError)
{
    char **papszGrids = CSLTokenizeString2(pszProj4Geoidgrids, ",", 0);
    const int nGridCount = CSLCount(papszGrids);
    if (nGridCount == 1)
    {
        CSLDestroy(papszGrids);

        bool bMissingOk = false;
        if (*pszProj4Geoidgrids == '@')
        {
            pszProj4Geoidgrids++;
            bMissingOk = true;
        }
        const CPLString osFilename(GetProj4Filename(pszProj4Geoidgrids));
        const char *const papszOpenOptions[] = {
            "@SHIFT_ORIGIN_IN_MINUS_180_PLUS_180=YES", nullptr};
        GDALDatasetH hDS =
            GDALOpenEx(osFilename, 0, nullptr, papszOpenOptions, nullptr);
        if (hDS == nullptr)
        {
            CPLDebug("GDAL", "Cannot find file corresponding to %s",
                     pszProj4Geoidgrids);
        }
        if (pbError)
            *pbError = (!bMissingOk && hDS == nullptr);
        return hDS;
    }

    CPLStringList aosFilenames;
    for (int i = nGridCount - 1; i >= 0; i--)
    {
        const char *pszName = papszGrids[i];
        bool bMissingOk = false;
        if (*pszName == '@')
        {
            pszName++;
            bMissingOk = true;
        }
        const CPLString osFilename(GetProj4Filename(pszName));
        VSIStatBufL sStat;
        if (osFilename.empty() || VSIStatL(osFilename, &sStat) != 0)
        {
            CPLDebug("GDAL", "Cannot find file corresponding to %s", pszName);
            if (!bMissingOk)
            {
                if (pbError)
                    *pbError = true;
                CSLDestroy(papszGrids);
                return nullptr;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            aosFilenames.AddString(osFilename);
        }
    }

    CSLDestroy(papszGrids);

    if (aosFilenames.empty())
    {
        if (pbError)
            *pbError = false;
        return nullptr;
    }

    char **papszArgv = nullptr;
    papszArgv = CSLAddString(papszArgv, "-resolution");
    papszArgv = CSLAddString(papszArgv, "highest");
    papszArgv = CSLAddString(papszArgv, "-vrtnodata");
    papszArgv = CSLAddString(papszArgv, "-inf");
    papszArgv = CSLAddString(papszArgv, "-oo");
    papszArgv =
        CSLAddString(papszArgv, "@SHIFT_ORIGIN_IN_MINUS_180_PLUS_180=YES");
    GDALBuildVRTOptions *psOptions = GDALBuildVRTOptionsNew(papszArgv, nullptr);
    CSLDestroy(papszArgv);
    GDALDatasetH hDS = GDALBuildVRT("", aosFilenames.size(), nullptr,
                                    aosFilenames.List(), psOptions, nullptr);
    GDALBuildVRTOptionsFree(psOptions);
    if (pbError)
        *pbError = hDS != nullptr;
    return hDS;
}
